Self-medication Hypothesis Essay Example for Free

Self-medication Hypothesis EssayAccording to the self-medication hypothesis (SMH Khantzian,1985). The individuals choice of a particular drug is not accidental or coincidental, that instead, a military issue of the individuals psychological condition, as the drug of choice provides relief to the user specific to his or her condition. Specifically, addiction is hypothesized to function as a compensatory means to modulate effects and treat di trying psychological states, whereby individuals choose the drug that will most appropriately manage their specific casing of psychiatric distress and help them achieve emotional stability. Alcohol use may relieve anxiety, for this reason alcohol consumption is reinforcing particularly when consumed in stressful condition. Drinking can improve mood and social adjustments, remove stress and burdens. As stated to the SMH the choice of a particular drug is a result of the individuals psychological condition, socially anxious people might be e xpected to use alcohol as a coping put through in try at self-medication and to manage their anxiety.Based on the Drive Reduction Theory (Clark remove, 1943) the reduction of drives is the primary force behind motivation. In his theory, Hull used the term drive to refer to the state of tension or arousal caused by biological or physiological needfully. A drive creates an embarrassing state a tension that needs to be reduced. In order to reduce this state of tension, humans and animals seek out ways to fulfil these biological needs. Drive theory is based on the principle that organisms are born with certain psychological needs and that a negative state of tension is created when these needs are not satisfied. Drinking alcohol is a way for socially anxious people to reduce their anxiety, so every time they will interlace to a social situation they will use alcohol for conditioning and strengthening. As Hull suggested, humans and animals will then repeat any conduct that reduces t heir drives.Based on Decision theory every action at least implicitly represents a decision under uncertainty in a state of partial knowledge, nearlything has to be done, even if that something turns out to be nothing. Even if you dont know how you make decisions, decisions do get made, and so there has to be some underlying mechanism. The said theory states how people with social anxiety decide. They decide to use alcohol to reduce their anxiety, to handle with the symptoms or to try to get out-of-door from it. Since alcohol has a soothing effect and produces a sense of thrill and decreased shyness apparently providing relief from anxiety.

Essay Example for Free

EssaySince being young, I was raised up and educated in a disciplined surroundings by my beloved father. Therefore, I begin a habit of making detailed plans for things to do. My dream has always been studying abroad so that I would lead a pharmacist. In the following sections, I will draw a picture about my dream school in terms of academic and public life goals.Firstly, my primary academic goals include two periods. The undergraduate political program (Bachelor of Science) commences in September, 2013. This is an ideal path that prepares students for the professional programs such as Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmacy. I have nurtured the dream of being a pharmacist since I was a 14 year-old girl. The next phase of studying is to win a seat to the Pharmacy program offered by the Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Thus, completing a one-year program of general BS.c along with the completion of prerequisite requirements would give me an unrivalled get hold of b eing admitted.Secondly, my career goals consist of two terms. In the short term, after completing my studies at the UofA, I would be confident to apply to an international pharmaceutical company in Vietnam and work conscientiously. In the long term, my another goal would be to keep ongoing learning to sharpen the skills of an good pharmacist. This would enable me to sponsor others and positively contribute to the primary health-care in my rural community. Moreover, I want to devote myself to charity activities in local areas to help the poor and street children as my motto is Helping people first.In my research, University of Alberta is one of Canadas top teaching and research-based universities. By studying in modern facilities and an international environment, I do entrust the University of Alberta could fully unleash my potentials.

Russo-Turkey Relations and the Middle East

Russo- flop Relations and the Middle EastAbstractThe relation which dud sh atomic number 18 with Russia in the recent decades has been an example of truly bonding nature. Over a prolonged friendly relation for to a greater extent than two decades, bomb calorimeters traffic with Russia exacerbated inaugural when it shot Russian bomber run over the Syrian border and secondly the unfortunate killing of Russian ambassador which happened in Ankara. These incidents surely fructify a question mark on the peaceful relations of Turkey with Russia. Whether what the reality be, Turkey is accused for stabbing Russia in the back. These sore tending acts initially resulted in various sanctions posed by Russia against Turkey. In this alarming situation where crises have overtaken most of Europe, Middle Eastern region and Russia, this rivalry may direction galore(postnominal) states in the coming orb order.PrefaceThe crisis in the Middle Eastern region has brought in its wake a perceptible shift in Russo-Turkey relations in the contemporary arna. At first, the downing of a Russian Su-24 bomber jet by Turkish F-16 fighter over the Syrian-Turkish border bewailed the chairperson of Russia. The subsequent reaction of that incident provided a great index of the deterioration betwixt some(prenominal). Secondly, the assassination of the Russian ambassador Andrey Karlov in Turkey put a stamp on Turkeys goodwill in the sights of Russia. Russia was once considered a bitter enemy of Turks. In the contemporary arena, several ingredients have unfermented the erstwhile tensions as witnessed in the Tsarist and Ottoman eras. With the passage of time, the interaction between them has been fluctuating in keeping with the geographic and leadership transformation. By far, Syrian crisis is the latest point of contradiction between them, representing diverging interests. This is becoming a test case for the two for demonstrating their lost-power in the wake of contemporary transformat ions in the world order from unipolar to multipolar.The policies of both the states towards Syria runcounter to each early(a). Russia has shared a strong economic partnership withSyria, fact being that it (Syria) has remained a major(ip) beneficiary of Russianweaponry while Turkish Prime Minister, in 2012 called on Bashar al Assad tostep down as the President of Syria.No doubt, thither are convergences and divergences between Russia and Turkey to project their policies with each other as tumefy as other stakeholders of the region. This authorship is intended to analyse the Russo-Turkey relations in the backdrop of their interests in the Middle East, following the significance, convergences and divergences of their relations which have given rise to their contemporary role in the arena. After the discussion on the matter, this paper has extracted the role of Pakistan and has suggested bureau forward for Pakistans foreign policy concerning the subject matter.Why Middle East matter s the most to Russia and Turkey?The critical interests of Russia and Turkeyboth lies in the Middle East. besides they do non tend to be the same. Underthe umbrella of NATO, Turkey is exercising its policies as an independent statein the Middle Eastern crisis. Syria, Iraq and Iran being border stitched toTurkey are perceived to be under strong observations of Turkish policy makers.While Russia, non a NATO member has a different framework for the region,particularly its need for the Mediterranean sea, weaponry market and trading ofoil and gas is apparent. Mediterranean Sea links Russia with EasternMediterranean Sea, the Middle East and North Africa. So all situation ofconflict, war or unease in these regions has impact on Russias semipoliticalposition.There are number of factors that are driving the Turkish policy in which Saudi Arab is a part. Turkey has made it scant(p) that it wants the overthrow of Assad. This is the first time in its history that Turkey adopts a regime-cha nge strategy. When the United States decided to counter ISIS with the help of possible regional alliance, Turkey refused to demoralize actively involved unless the coalition were to target both Assad and ISIS at the same time. It is acquit that Ankara favours a war to the end of weakening all separate Assad, ISIS, the Kurds and Iran. Yet it ever preferred to rely on proxies and calls on NATO and the international community to intervene in Syria. It was because of this very tactic that Ankara allowed the Peshmerga (Iraqi Kurdish forces) to write in code the Syrian town of Kobane through Turkey to help the Syrian Kurds in the battle against ISIS and this is again the reason why it decided to support the jihadists in Syria.While, Russia is seen more as to helping its friend Assad in the play as recently it condemned the United States air strike on Syrias chemical launch pads. Syria is the scarcely country in the region which has Russias base(s). Continuing its efforts to play a ro le and get hold of the oil, gas and other economic factors, Russias perspective on Middle East policy is evident and strong in its intentions.Significance of Russia-Turkey relationsUnder theleadership of Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Russia and Turkey signed mutual agreementsand MoUs for increase both countries relations in terms of trade andcooperation.Turkey has remained one of Russias main trading partners.Both share huge amount of business in the sectors of energy, tourism and trade.The statistics show a viable flow of synergy between both. There is a proposedconstruction of a gas pipeline as well as the Akkuyu power plant, which may betouched after downing of a Russian jet by Turkey as a challenge incident.According to a Turkish academic, any damage to the infrastructure deals couldbe significant, because Turkey imports 55 part of its natural gas fromRussia and 30 percent of its oil.Turkey has close strategic ties with Russia interms of energy relationship with Russia, so it may be t hat the Turkish Streamproject as well as the nuclear energy project which is going to beconstructed by the Russians could be affected, Professor GurkanKumbaroglu from Bogazici Universitys department of engineering, told CNBC.So it is apparent if any sort of clash of ideas follow in Russo-Turkey relations, Russia has its hands on the switch to constrain Turkey politically without involving any armed conflict.Similarly, Russias tourism departmententertains much of Turkeys tourism industry as 3.6 million Russians visitedTurkey in the first nine months of 2013, according to the latest statistics ofRussias Federal Tourism Agency. This definitely adds a plow to Turkish economyand proved Russia has the power to restrict its citizens to travel Turkey inthe emergence of any dispute between the two countries. On the other hand, trade is the most primarysector which both countries has shared since few decades with tremendousoutcomes. Turkish vegetable exports account for some 20 percent of vegetable exportsto Russia. In 2014, according to Turkish foreign trade statistics, exports toRussia were worth $5.9 billion while imports from Russia were worth $25.2billion.This scenario is more prone to absolute gainsrather than relational gains because non only Turkey relies on Russian oil, gasand energy but Russias dependency on Turkish geostrategic location is aperfect example to say Turkey is also at gains.Convergences of Russia-Turkey relationsContemporary Russia did not take Turkey as an independent state and always restrained to be in connection with it until 2003 when surprisingly The Justice and Development Party of Turkey refused to allow American forces to use Turkish territory to take Iraq. This proved to be a game changer for Russias perception towards Turkey. The relations furthered in a positive way leaving the footprints of Cold state of war era outside the door when Turkey, as a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, was considered a frontline sta te in the divide between the communist bloc and the western bloc. Surprisingly, given the unrest in the North Caucasus and the Balkans on which show up the policies of Ankara and Moscow clashed, these relations changed. The tangible convergences between the duos can be elaborated as underTurkeys need of oil and gas is one of themajor convergence in the Russo-Turkey relations. The economic interests of bothcountries butt against but there are points of divergence in various strategic plans toextend oil and gas pipelines between countries of the Central Asia, and theMiddle East on the one hand and the European market on the other. So, they need to act rationally towards eachother to organize their interests.Russias dependency on Turkey is also apparentbecause Turkey might remain Russias necessary gateway to the Mediterranean,just as the Ottoman Empire was in the past.Nonetheless, there has been efforts to consign relations between the two countries which, in the form ofTurkish-Rus sian Cooperation Council in April and May 2010 got established. Sincethen the two leaders of the country have met annually. It has put a lot ofimpact on the international image of bilateral relations of Russia and Turkey becauseleaders from both sides warmly welcomed each other since then.Divergences, clashes and disputesThere have been titanic number of conflicts eversince the Tsarist Russia and Ottoman Empire since 1560s. The Russian side wonmore battles than Turkey which cl earliest indicates the significance of geographicdisposition of Russia. However, Crimean war led Russia lose due to possiblestronger alliance of Ottomans with British, French and Italian forces.While in the contemporary world, Turkeysneighbourhood has been in a turmoil, mainly Middle Eastern countries, which hasdirectly influenced Turkeys dealings with Europe and Russia.Today, the changed relationship between Turkeyand Russia has been affected by strategic considerations and politicalinterests relating to th e current reality in the Middle East. Especially thecrisis in Syria has moved both Turkey and Russia oppositely in terms ofnational interests. The two countries are not on the same pitch regarding thecrisis. Turkey has clearly taken steps to remove the regime of Assad whereas Russiaregards Assads ongoing leadership as a necessary condition to cope with theturmoil in the collapsed state. Preservation of its own strategic interests inthe Middle East, Russia is sensitive in providing support to Assad.The conflict of interests between Turkey andSyria includes border issues, questions pertaining to water and riparianrights, religious outlook, political-military orientation, drug-trafficking,smuggling, terrorism (Kurdish insurgency), and espionage etc.AnalysisSyrian crisis and all the history of Russo-Turkey relations aside, today, it is thought that Turkey has created a trust deficit in relation to its bilateral relations with Russia. On the other hand Russia is also thought to have take n Turkish early warnings life-threatening. However, there was not a serious threat to Turkey from Russia. Perhaps, Turkey could have considered many points of conflict before downing a Russian jet which was merely on its airspace (according to Russian narrative of the incident) at Turkey-Syria border. Russia in no time retaliated and adopted a political approach launching serious sanctions against Turkey.The trauma was not much concerning the policies of Turkey or Russia towards Syrian crisis but shooting down a Russian jet paved a way of thinking for the Russians to analyse Turkeys intentions and goals for the coming days. Subsequently Russia accused Turkey of being in business with the Islamic State of Syria. Similar reactions are observed from Turkish side as well. The war of words between the leaders of both countries have definitely evoked state of unease and unrest to their bilateral relations. The conflict however is not seen as beneficial for any side at all. Russia, despit e of its potential projects in Turkey, has unilaterally signed sanctions against it. However there are no signs of waging a war by any of them against each other.In recent decades, Russia and Turkey haveshared friendly and conjunctive relations sharing economic, trade, military andprojects related to energy sector. Both have respected each others view in theinternational decision-making process.The issue is not only limited to the interestsof both the countries, but then again there are risk factors which are givingshape to their policies. Turkey is not land locked, but still its a jigsawwhich connects whole Asia with the Europe. This puts a lot of responsibilityfor any leader of the Turkey to stand bearing to head against any turmoil whichmay disrupt countrys repute in the international arena. While Russia, despitebeing connected with many states, has to depend on the market of Middle East,European countries and specifically Turkey to constitute its trade, military,economic and f oreign policy for survival as a state.It is clear that international relations areuncertain and unpredictable, both are crucially unparalleled to each other andthe lack of trust between them is now a bone of contention. However, with thepassage of time, relations may grip instead of losing its charm because Russiamay digest what happened, or Turkey, which is not apparent at all, might rationalise for its act of downing a Russian jet. Because, in an emerging worldorder into multi polarity, the interests of others may urge Russia and Turkeyto rethink of their relations in a positive manner.Foreign policy guidelines for Pakistan in case of Russia-Turkey conflictThe conflict of ideas between Russian and Turkish relations hasnt directly influenced Pakistan to take any action of concern. However Pakistan does share points of convergences with both in terms of trade, educational exchange programs and tourist activities. In a nutshell, Pakistan and Turkey define each other as sister countri es, and the friendly relations of both as a Muslim state is the apex of their strong bonds. On the other hand, while not overriding its relations with India, Russia has shown great interest to re-establish its bilateral relations with Pakistan. This can succeed the idea for Pakistan to maintain a balanced foreign policy towards Turkey and Russia in this matter. Yet again the ill-timed row between Russia and Turkey has subjugating power to keep Pakistan a neutral observer.At this point in time, Pakistan as a member ofglobal community, having its national interests in Turkey, Russia and otherMiddle Eastern countries, has a shared responsibility to play positive role forthe approach of relations between them. In a limited context, Pakistan mayadopt a policy of deescalating the tensions between both and suggest measuresof cooperation and coordination to tackle the situation. Not to forget, Yemencrisis affected thousands of Pakistani citizens and resulted in their departurefrom Yemen. T his puts Pakistan in a situation to tactfully regulate itsobligation to work for the betterment of its own citizens while maintainingsustainable relations with other countries. Pakistan can beget neutralizingrole to the hard lined tensions between Turkey and Russia and may need tofacilitate both for the emergence of pleasant and reputed ties.Readingshttp//russiancouncil.ru/en/inner/?id_4=6978top-contenthttp//en.trend.az/azerbaijan/karabakh/1616142.htmlhttp//www.huffingtonpost.com/aylin-unver-noi/turkey-and-russia-days-of_b_8695800.htmlhttp//tass.ru/en/economy/764152http//studies.aljazeera.net/en/positionpapers/2013/05/20135795421533494.htmhttp//www.rubincenter.org/2012/04/russo-turkish-divergence-part-i-the-security-dimension/http//www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34971902http//www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/11/24/world/middleeast/russia-turkey-jet-shoot-down-maps.htmlhttp//www.azernews.az/analysis/90476.htmlhttp//www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Oct-09/318233-turkey-warns- russia-energy-ties-at-stake.ashxhttp//www.jpost.com/Middle-East/The-confrontation-between-Turkey-and-Russia-Lessons-for-Israel-436236http//www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-turkey-nato-idUSKBN0TJ14F20151130?utm_source=Facebookhttp//tribune.com.pk/story/1001173/turkey-will-not-apologise-for-downing-russian-fighter-jet-pm/http//tribune.com.pk/story/1000436/russia-announces-economic-sanctions-against-turkey-over-jet-downing/https//www.rt.com/op-edge/323430-russian-plane-down-turkey-us-nato/http//www.huffingtonpost.com/ gateway/turkey-russia-tensions_5655c9dbe4b08e945fea945bhttp//www.cnsnews.com/news/article/latest-russian-pilot-says-no-warnings-turkeyhttp//www.thenews.com.pk/latest/77659-turkey-would-have-acted-differently-if-it-had-known-jet-was-russian-erdoganhttps//www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/10/09/how-the-rivalry-between-russians-and-turks-shaped-the-world/http//www.sigmalive.com/en/blog/zenonas.tziarras/2015/06/963/turkey-and-saudi-in-syria-aligned-interes ts-clashing-revisionismshttp//tribune.com.pk/story/860335/every-effort-being-made-for-evacuation-of-pakistanis-from-yemen-fo/http//www.dailysabah.com/diplomacy/2015/05/17/pakistan-and-turkey-are-two-leading-countries-in-the-islamic-world

The Worlds Ten Best Airport Lounges Tourism Essay

The Worlds Ten Best aerodrome Lounges Tourism EssayAn airdrome is a building where wad from tout ensemble over the world take escapisms to travel to any part of the world for their business or holidays. An airdrome is not only to board the flight today is more than a homy z 1 for the passengers and devising their travelling easy. There argon loads of shops, eating outlets, toilets and entertainment aras for both passengers. If any passenger has a long stay to board the next flight there are superfluous realm for making the passenger comfortable i.e. aerodrome LOUNGES. At the airport there are loads of antithetic bums for people of different ages groups.My dissertation is on lounges for kids who are travelling all by themselves and are the obligation of the crew to string them reach to their destiny safely. During their flights kids might bring in to wait for the next flight so all the unaccompanied kids are in the kids lounges where they burn play, eat, make in th e buff friends and make themselves comfortable while wait for their flight.Everyday galore(postnominal) people travel from one place to the other and airport is one such(prenominal) place which never sleeps all year long. Airports are the busiest during any season or any month of the year. People who travel are on a business trip, holiday, students going back to meet their families or people going for their honeymoon be it any reason airports are the busiest and indispensability to be up to mark to make the passengers happy. Over these old age kids let become more independent and can travel alone if their parents are busy or cant take them to meet their families or friends. I realized that these lounges help people to be comfortable when they are away from home. So I inflexible to do my final project on airport lounges. Since there are loads of different lounges and its a very vast topic I concentrate myself on lounges for kids. During my graduation I have done my previous gr aduation final project on a retail outlet and my interest has forever been in commercial building so I opted for airport lounges.My briny aim is to build a comfortable and friendly lounge for kids and my design fantasy result be based on different color full themes, Disney characters because the lounges are for the kids. In the lounge all the basic and luxury facilities get out be available for kids such as sleeping bailiwick, nutriment hall, playing stations, play area, serve to call their homes, baby sisters looking after the kids and giving each and either kid a safe and homely environment.The kids are travelling alone and they ought to miss their families and they are also scared if they miss their flight and the whole airport is like a huge building for them where people are running from one place to the other. In the lounge the kids will feel secure and will be collected from the aircraft and will be dropped back to the aircraft. It would be the responsibility of the airport staff and care takers to check that each child is safely boarded the flight.My main aim will be focusing on kids and the facilities that will be offered within lounge and making kids feel at home. The areas that will be centre are play area, food area, entertainment zone, sleeping zone and other go like collecting the kids from the aircraft and dropping them back to the aircraft. My final project is all about interiors and specially what young kids will like and get pull uped towards the lounge.The staff of the lounge will be responsible for looking after the kids and their baggage. The kids will be escorted at all times with the airline crew or staff of the lounge. The design concept is designed in such a way holding the kids in mind.The important factors that have strong impact on quadriceps design for children are-SpaceGender periodActivitySize food colourThe forgening of a childs room is shaped by gender. While a girls room demands a certain ambience and space all otment, a boys room has different set of requirements. Even the size of wardrobe depends or varies with gender. Decorative themes are also dependant on the gender factor. For girls pastel colourise and floral personal effects are apply whereas for boys, usually sports them is used.Different age groups involve different space and size considerations. The age group Ive selected is two to five years. Their activities and social kinetics differ. Space for such children is theme-based. Kids room should be filled with color, cartoons and toys but sensibly designed. Storage is of particular importance for the young and space is a challenge because childrens inhabit are often little rooms.Innovative solutions involve mobility for article of furniture or accessories within a structure. Interesting accessory features add color, utility and customization to any space. Childrens spaces moldiness evolve with the child. They must themselves have a life- cycle that resonates with their young and developing dwellers. So a baby space is obliged to transform into teen space with minimal disruption and expense.TYPES OF AIRPORT LOUNGESAirport is one such place which never sleeps all year along. The airport authorities with the help of hotel companies have open various lounges, eating joints and shops in the airport in order to make travelling easy for all passengers and keep them entertained during their stay at the airport. on the whole year long many passengers travel from one country to another. There are times when a few passengers like kids, disabled, old people. There are different types of lounges for different age groups. These lounges offer a variety of operate for passengers.Different types of Lounges are-Lounges for older peopleLounges for disabledLounges for unaccompanied minorsLounges for general peopleLounges for business class peopleWhat services can passengers expect from the lounges?To be treated like a VIPFree snacksFree tardily and alcoholic drinkic d rinks (champagne is extra)NewspapersMagazinesComfortable seatsBusiness desksTelevisionsSpecial care for disabled, old age and minorsCable cars for old age and disabled for travelling indoors the airportThese services are all available by paying a very minimum fee to access them during your stay at the lounge. many passengers have access to these lounges with their respective credit cards of different banks in order to promote the services and attract the public for using the best services on their holiday. Since there are many different kind of airport lounges with different airlines the services available will vary from one lounge to the other. save majority have the same services at different price rates.The below table shows major airports of coupled Kingdom have same services for the customers.NAMEFOOD AND DRINKSDISABLE ACCESSWIFI,PHONE AND FAXTOILETSFLIGHT INFORMATION1Birbimghim Airport2Manchester Airport3Newcastle Airport4London Airport5Liverpool Airport6Gatwick AirportHIST ORY OF AIRPORT LOUNGES7A lounge is a lounge which is owned by any airline which is open to its passengers for having a stress free environment while waiting at the airport. The lounges can be accessed by any passenger by paying a minimum fee and getting access to all the best services of the lounge. The lounge offers free drinks and food. The passengers can access to wifi, private meeting rooms, fax, telephone and the lounge has comfortable leather sofas to relax.8Heathrow is the busiest and largest airport every year it carries over 86 million people. The airport started in 1946 with a group of army with diminutive tents and grass airfield and was privately owned. In 1944 the Air Ministry developed as a transport base for Air Force Royale. Soon there was a need of a large airport and in 1946 one runway was flying to be used. By 1947 three runways were completed ready and the tents were replaced by a building in the start of 1950. Due to the need and demands of the customers termi nal-2 was opened in 1955. directly Heathrow has a well developed terminals and a direct access to at a lower placeground metro,9taxis are available at all terminals and has totally changed its old structure with new structure and services for passengers travelling every year.Over these years the world has changed into a total new world of high technologies, inventions and every thing has been changed into a higher advanced things. Airports were just a big land where there was only one runway and a small building from where passengers could get their luggage and exit into the country. The airport building was not very well designed and it dint even have any kind of proper services like food stalls, bars, casino, restaurants, or lounges. The airports were very under developed and over these years airports have completely changed and have a new definition of what airports are.Airports all over the world are serving its passengers with the best facilities and have totally changed and e ntered a new era of advanced technology. Airport lounges are basically a room or an open space where all passengers can relax themselves during their stay at the airport.10THE WORLDS TEN BEST AIRPORT LOUNGESSince the attack on the twin towers in Unites States has squeeze the security at the airports to do a tight check on passengers travelling. Even on every domestic flight the security check has change magnitude and the passengers have to stand in long queues for security check. There are business class lounges who cannot afford to miss on their business while waiting at the airport. Over the years the travel and tourism industry has flourished and there are lounges for the general entertainment as well.Clubhouse Virgin Atlantic, San Francisco internationalist AirportTerraces Lounge British Airways, JFK global AirportSilver Kris capital of Singapore Airlines, Singapore Changi AirportPresidents Club Continental Airlines, Ronald Reagan National Airport, Washington D.C.Smokers Lou nge Swissair, Zurich International AirportVIP Lounge LanChile, Santiago International AirportGolden Lounge Malaysian Airlines, Kuala Lumpur International AirportSAS Lounge Copenhagen International Airport sorcerer Alliance Lounge Zurich International AirportThe Wing Cathay Pacific, Hong Kong International AirportTerraces Lounge British Airways, JFK International AirportThe Wing Cathay Pacific, Hong Kong International AirportGolden Lounge Malaysian Airlines, Kuala Lumpur International AirportVIP Lounge LanChile, Santiago International AirportSilver Kris Singapore Airlines, Singapore Changi AirportStar Alliance Lounge Zurich International AirportPSYCHOLOGY OF AIRPORT LOUNGESA passengers point of view a lounge is a small area at the airport where the passengers can access comfortable sofas for relaxing with complimentary refreshments with free wifi, phone and fax services. But behind the scenes psychology is used a lot to define how comfortable the environment and services are and in w hat manner is it beneficial to the people who need a special attention. Since the lounge is for kids there has to be kept special preference to kind of services kids want. Through my research work I have found the following points need to be used in a lounge.EASY ACCESS OF SERVICESThe kids who will be using the lounge will be of age 5-12 years old. Kids at this age are not very independent and solely depend on their parents for each and everything. During their stay at the lounge they will be fully dependent on the staff. While designing the lounge it should be designed to access the services at ease by the kids themselves.EXAMPLE- the height of the furniture should be of standard kids size. The toilets also need to be of the same standard size for kids.HOMELY ENVIRONMENTSince the kids will be travelling alone for them the airport will be a little big to handle and they might get scared but these lounges will be designed in such a way that the kids feel like they are home safe and s ound. They will have their own area where they can play, eat, and enjoy without being scared of being alone.ATTENTION TO SPECIAL NEEDSThe age of kids vary from 5-12 years and they might be kids with any form of disability so they need special care and attention from the staff. The toilets and the furniture would be different for the disabled. A special kind of facility will be available for kids with special needs to make them feel comfortable with the rest of the kids.DESIGN CONCEPTThe lounges are for the kids and the design concepts for the kids have to be very colorful and comfortable and lot precautions will have to be taken for the safety of the kids. The color combinations and the outlay for the lounge have to be very colorful and have a more of an open plan rather than having too many doors or partitions which could make the kids feel a bit lost in the lounge. In the lounge no kind of wild material can be used like glass which could break easily while the kids play and cause an injury to the kids. The materials like wood, plastic are the best materials to be used in the lounge.SERVICES AVAILABLE AT THE LOUNGESEvery airport is different all over the world but they all are for the same purpose. It depends in which country the airport is to make it look different from all the other airports in the world. For example an airport in Las Vegas, United States will definitely have a casino at the airport to entertain the people as11Las Vegas is known for gambling, fine dinning and shopping. There are many other facilities available at the airport varying from one airport to the other.12Lounges offer a variety of services for all age group and making every passengers journey stress free.Every lounge offers the following services to its passengers-Complementary refreshmentsFree access to wifiComfortable sofasNewspaper and magazinesAlcohol and non alcohol drinksVariety of buffetAnd many lounges for example Emirates Lounge offers facilities like-Swimming poolPerson al meeting roomsMassage roomsSpasGymsKids play areaANTHROPOMETRYAnthropometrics deals with the measurements of the physical characteristics of pitying beings particularly shapes and sizes, the range of human dimensions from foot length to shoulder width. It also includes the minimum or optimum dimensions needed for a human being to perform activities.HEIGHTAge (years)Height (inches)233336438540REACHAge (years)Reach (inches)240343445547SITTING POSITIONAge (years)Space Covered(inches)220 x 20320 x 20422 x 22524 x 24 squat POSITIONAge (years)Space Covered (inches)227 x 30330 x 30433 x 33534 x 34STANDING STRETCHED ARMSAge (years)Length (inches)233336438540DESIGN CONCEPT OF THE LOUNGEThe lounge is for kids and keeping this mind the design of the lounge will be very unique and attract kids towards the lounge. The lounge is spread on an area of 200200 square feet forming a shape of a square. The lounge will be having different zones or rooms specially provided for the kids.Entertainment zoneFood courtToiletsPlay areaSleeping areaDrink BarENTERTAINMENT ZONEAreaWalls narrative ceilingFurniturePurposeThemeThis zone is especially for boys who love to play video games and enjoy themselves. This room is like a big open area with very minimum furniture and more of gaming stations so that kids can have fun during their stay at the lounge. The lounge will have proper gaming chairs and sofas only.FOOD COURTAreaTypeWallsFloorCeilingFurniturePurposeThemeThe food court is going to be very unique in design and menu concept. There will be all kind of food served such Chinese, continental, Italian, Indian, Mexican and Thai so that kids can get food of their choice even being away from home. There will be a buffet system 24 hours a day. The kids can eat as much they like and when they like. The furniture will be very funky and colorful in design and will be made according to the ergonomics for the kids.PLAY ZONEAreaTypeWallsFloorCeilingFurniturePurposeThemeThe play area is for kids under the age if 12years old and the room is an open plan. Its a big room where there are doll houses, stuff toys, slides, swings. All the games and swings will be in door. Every corner will have a different theme concept like jungle, doll house, good sense pit area and teddy bears. horse sense pit area will be depicting an area on a beach where kids can play in sand build sand houses. This room is specially for keeping the kids occupied with board games as well like chess, ludo, snakes and ladder and card games.SLEEPING AREAAreaTypeWallsFloorCeilingFurniturePurposeThemeDRINKS BARAreaTypeWallsFloorCeilingFurniturePurposeThemeEntertainment zone will include xbox stations and television for keeping the kids well occupied. The room will have special gaming chairs where kids can play and enjoy themselves in the comfortable chairs. The room isFood court will serve different variety of cuisines from all over the world.Sleeping area is for children under the ages of 5years who need cots or beds for sleeping.A drink bar is making the kids feel they are grown ups and to make it look different a bar will be provided where only semisoft drinks will be served.COLOR PSYCHOLOGYColor adds meaning to life if there were no colorize it would make all things dull. In the lounge the colors used will be more bright and vibrant like red, blue, yellow, pink, green, and purple.Color psychology is about how colors make them feel since different colors reflect different parts of the brain it is very much required while designing any creative space or using for eagerness or to reflect mood.Reflection of these colors will throw a big impact on the mood of kids therefore it is very important to admit the right colors for the interiors of the lounge.

High Performance Liquid Chromatography Experiment

High Performance suave Chromatography ExperimentINTRODUCTIONPharmaceutical Analysis may be defined as the application of uninflected procedures use to determine the purity, safety and gauge of do medicatess and chemicals. The term Pharmaceutical compendium is otherwise called quantifiable pharmaceutical chemistry. Pharmaceutical outline includes both qualitative and quantitative synopsis of drugs and pharmaceutical substances starts from bulk drugs to the finished dosage forms. In the modern practice of medicine, the analytical rules atomic number 18 used in the analysis of chemical constituents fix in valet de chambre body whose altered densitys during disease states serve as diagnostic aids and also used to analyze the medical agents and their metabolites found in biological system.Qualitative in original analysis seeks to establish the presence of given element or inorganic compound in a sample.Qualitative organic analysis seeks to establish the presence of a given f unctional group or organic compound in a sample.QuantitativeQuantitative analysis seeks to establish the amount of a given element or compound in a sample.The term quality as applied to a drug product has been defined as the sum of all factor outs, which contribute directly or indirectly to the safety, effectiveness and reliability of the product. These properties be built into drug products with research and during process by procedures collectively referred to as Quality control. Quality control guarantees with in reasonable limits that a drug productsIs free of impurities.Is physically and chemically stableContains the amount of active ingredients as stated on the label andProvides optimal release of active ingredients when the product is administered.Most modern analytical chemistry is categorized by deuce different approaches much(prenominal) as analytical targets or analytical methods.INTRODUCTION FOR CHROMATOGRAPHYHigh process liquid chromatography is the process, which seperates mixture containing two or more atoms under high up obligate. In this the stationary class is packed in tugboat one end of which is attach to a descent of pressurized liquid meandering(a) variant.High carrying out liquid chromatography is the fasted growing analytical technique for the analysis of drug. Its simplicity, high specificity and wide range of sensitivity makes its ideal for the analysis of many drugs in both dosage form and biologic fluids.HPLC is also known as High performance liquid chromatography. It is essential form towboat chromatography in which the stationary phase is consists of a small particles (3-5om) packing contained in a towboat with a small bore (2-5mm), one end of which is attached to source of pressurized liquid eluent(mobile phase).Different Types of Principles According to the phases involved, HPLC can be classified into several types, which atomic number 18 as followsNormal Phase Chromatography (NPC) annul Phase Chromatography (RPC)Liquid Solid Chromatography or adsorption HPLCLiquid Liquid Chromatography or Partition HPLCIon substitution Chromatography or Ion exchange HPLCSize exclusion or gel interpenetration or steric exclusion HPLC1. Normal Phase Chromatography (NPC) In normal phase chromatography, the stationary phase is more polar then the mobile phase, and the mobile phase is a mixture of organic solvents with out added water (e.g. isopropane with hexane) and the column packing is either an inorganic adsorbent (silica) are a polar bonded phase (cyanno, diol, amino) on a silica support. Sample retention in normal phase chromatography increases with the polarity of mobile phase decreases. They are eluted in the order of increasing polarities.2. Reverse Phase Chromatography (RPC) In reverse-phase chromatography, the stationary phase is less polar than the mobile phase and the mobile phase is a mixture of organic and aqueous phase. Reverse-phase chromatography is typically more convenient and rug ged than the other forms of liquid chromatography and is more likely to result in a satisfactory final detachment. High performance RPC columns are efficient, stable and reproducible. In this, the solutes are eluted in the order of their decreasing polarities. These are prepared by treating the surface silanol group of site with an organic chloro silane reagent.INSTRUMENTATION recording machineSCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF HPLCa. Pumps Pumps are required to deliver a constant time period of mobile phase at pressures ranging from 1 550 bar affectionatenesss capable of pressure up to 6000 psi provide a wide range of flow rates of mobile phase, typically from 0.01-10ml min-1. Low flow rates (10-100l min-1) are used with micro bore columns, intermediate flow rates (0.5-2ml min-1) are used with conventional analytical HPLC columns, and fast flow rates are used for preparative or semi preparative columns and for slurry packing techniques.Mechanical pumps of the reciprocating piston type view a pulsating supply of mobile phase. A damping device is thither fore required to smooth out the pulses so that excessive noise at high levels of sensitivity or low pressure does not cut back from detection of small quantities of sample. This type of pump is mostly used.Dual piston reciprocating pumps produce an almost pulse free flow because the two pistons are conservatively faced so that as one is filling the other is pumping. These pumps are more expensive than single piston pumps but are of benefit when development a flow sensitive detector such as ultraviolet or refractive index detector.b. Injection SystemsInjection ports are of two canonic types, (A) those in which the sample with injected directly into the column and (B) those in which the sample is deposited before the column inlet and then swept by a valving action into the column by the mobile phase.c. ColumnsHPLC columns are made of high quality stainless steel, polish internally to a mirror finish. Standard analytic al columns are 4-5 mm internal diameter and 10-30 cm in space. Shorted columns (3-6 cm) containing a smaller particles sizing packing material (3 or 5 m) produce similar or conk out efficiencies, in terms of the number of theoretical habitations (about 7000), that those of 20 cm columns containing 10 m irregular particles and are used an short analysis snip and highest throughput of samples are required. Micro bore columns of 1-2 mm internal diameter and 10-25 cm in length have certain advantages of lower detection limits and lower consumption of solvent, the latter(prenominal) being important if expensive HPLC grade solvents are used. HPLC are also being carried out on the semi preparative scales by using columns of 7-10 mm or 20-40 mm internal diameter respectively.d. DetectorsThe most widely used detectors for liquid chromatography areDetectorAnalytesSolvent RequirementsCommentsUV-VisibleAny with chromophoresUV-grade non UV absorbing solventsHas storey of selectivity and us eful for many HPLC applicationsFluorescenceFluorescent compoundsUV-grade non UV absorbing solventsHighly selective and sensitive, often used to analyze derivitized compoundsRefractive indexCompounds with different RI than mobile phaseCannot run mobile phase gradientsLimited sensitivityConductivityCharged or polar compoundsMobile phase must be conductingExcellent for ion exchange compoundsElectrochemicalReadily oxidized or reduced compounds, specially biological samplesMobile phase must be conductingVery selective and sensitiveMass-Spectrometer capacious range compoundsMust use volatile solvents or volatile buffersHighly sensitive. Many modes available. Needs trained person suppositional principles of HPLCa. Retention time The time is required between the injection point and the gratuity supreme is called the retention time. It is denoted as the Rt. It is mainly useful for the qualitative analysis for the identification of compound.b. Capacity factor It represents the molar ratio o f the compound in the stationary phase and the mobile phase. It is independent of column length and mobile phase flow rate. It is denoted as the k. It should be kept 1-10. If k values are too low it is likely that the solutes may be adequately resolved and for high k values the analysis time is too long. It can be calculate bytr t0k = -t0tr = Retention time, t0 = Dead time.c. Tailing factor Closer study of a chromatographicalal show that the Gaussian forms is usually not completely symmetrical. The graph spread out to a greater or lesser extent, forming a tail. It reduces the column plate number which intern influences the resolution. Tailing is mainly due to deteriorated column, overloading column, extra column-volumes, and incompatibility of sample with standard and/or mobile phase. Practically it can be calculated or determined at 10% of the total peak height. It must not be greater than 2.0d. Resolution The degree of judicial separation of one component from another is desc ribed by the resolution. It is generally denoted by Rs. It is measured as the difference in retention time and the arithmetic mean of the two peak widths.tr2 tr1Rs = 0.5(w1 + w2)tr2 = Retention time of first peak w1 = width of first peaktr1 = Retention time of second peak w2 = width of second peake. Theoretical plates It is important property of the column. It reflects its quality of separation and its ability to produce sharp, narrow peak and achieving skinny resolution of peak. N denotes it.3500 X L (cm)Theoretical plates = -dp(m)L = length of the column in cm, dp = diameter of the particle (m)It follows that if the exchange is fast and efficient, the theoretical plate will be small in size and there will be large number of plates in the column.f. Height equivalent to theoretical plate (HETP) Number of plates directly proportional to the column length (L) and inversely proportional to the diameter of the particles (dp). The value of H is a criterion for the quality of a column. Lower the HETP, higher is the efficiency of the column. Its value depends upon particle size, flow rate, viscosity of mobile phase.H = L/NL = Length of column, N = No. of theoretical plateHPLC method developmentThe wide variety of equipment, columns, eluent and operational parameters involved makes high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method development seem complex. The main objective of method development is to obtain a good separation with minimum time and effort. Based on the goal of separation, the method development is preceded. The steps involved areInformation on sample, define separation goalsNeed for special HPLC procedure, sample pretreatment, etc.Choose detector and detector settingsChoose LC method, preliminary runEstimate better(p) separation conditionsOptimize separation conditionsCheck for problems or requirement for special procedureValidation for release to routine laboratoryThe following must be considered when developing an HPLC method prevail it chil dlikeTry the most common columns and stationary phases firstThoroughly investigate binary mobile phases before going on to ternary bring forward of the factors that are likely to be significant in achieving the desired resolution.Mobile phase composition, for example, is the most powerful way of optimizing selectivity whereas temperature has a minor effect and would single achieve small selectivity changes. pH will only significantly affect the retention of weak acids and bases.VALIDATION OF ANALYTICAL METHOD IN PHARMACEUTICAL psychoanalysisValidation is documented evidence, which is completed to ensure that an analytical method is accurate, reproducible and robust over the specific range. The quality of the analytical data is a mark factor in the success of a drug development program. The process of method development and validation has a direct impact on the quality of these data.method acting validationMethod validation is the process to confirm that analytical procedure emplo yed for a specific test is suitable for its intended use. Method needs to be validated or revalidatedBefore their introduction into routine useWhenever the conditions changes for which the method has been validated , e.g., instrument with different characteristicsWhenever the method is changed, and the change is outside the original scope of the method.Depending on the use of the assay, different parameters will have to be measured during the assay validation. ICH and several regulatory bodies and Pharmacopoeia have published teaching on the validation of analytical proceduresMETHOD VALIDATION PARAMETERSSPECIFICITY.ACCURACY.PRECISION.LINEARITY.ROBUSTNESS.SOLUTION STABILITY.The goal of the validation process is to challenge the method and determine the limit of allowed variability for the conditions required to run the method. The following statistical parameters are to be determined to validate the authentic method.Correlation coefficient(r)When the changes in one variable are as sociated or followed by changes in the other, it is called correlation. The numerical measure of correlation is called the coefficient of correlation and is defined by the relation. (x x) (y -y)r = (x -x) 2 (y -yRegression equationRegression equation= I + aCY2 Y1a = slope = X2 X1I = Intercept = regression a CAs a percentage of mean absorbance.3. Standard DeviationS = (X- X) 2/N 1Where, X = observed valuesX = Arithmetic mean = X/NN = Number of deviationsFor practical reading material it is more convenient to express S in terms of percent of the approximate average of the range of analysis is used in the calculation of S. This is called co-efficient of rendering (C.V) or percent relative standard deviation (%RSD).C.V OR %RSD = 100* S/ XCriteria for Validation of the MethodCHARACTERISTICSACCEPTABLE RANGESpecificityNo enlistmentAccuracyRecovery (98-102%)PrecisionRSD LinearityCorrelation Coefficient(r)0.99Range80-120%Stability24h or 12hDRUG PROFILERIZATRIPTAN BENZOATEStructure Chemical name N,N diethyl -5-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-1-ylmetyl)-1HIndole-3 Ethanamine monobenzoateMolecular formulation C15H19N5.C6H5COOHMolecular weight 391.47Description White crystalline powderMelting point 178-1800CSolubility Sparingly soluble in water and methanol computer storage Air tight container protect from light.Drug Category Anti migraine drugTHERAPEUTIC RATIONALRIZATRIPTAN BENZOATECLINICAL PHARMACOLOGYMechanism of actionRizatriptan binds with high affinity to human 5-HTIB and 5-HTID receptors leading to cranial blood vessel constriction.PharmacokineticsAbsorptionCompletely absorbed from GI tract, absolute bioavailability is 45% plasma peak concentration attained with in 1-1.5 hours (conventional tablet )or 1.6-2.5 hours (orally disintegrating tablet)after oral administration.DistributionCrosses placenta and is distributed in to milk in animal, no studies in pregnant or nursing women.MetabolismMetabolized generally via oxidative deamination by Mao-A to an inactive indo le acetic acid metaboliteEliminationExcreted principally in urine(14% of dose as unchanged drug and 51 % a indole acetic acid metaboliteAdverse effectsDry mouthDizzinessPain tightness/pressure in neck/throat/jaw.Nausea boob painParasthesiaFatigueDosage and administrationThe dose range of Rizatriptan benzoate is 10-30mg orally once daily.Rizatriptan benzoate can be administer orally disintegrating tablet with out meals. literary works REVIEWSasmitha Kumar et al has been developed UV spectroscopic method for estimation of Rizatriptan benzoate.The drug shows utmost absorption at 277 nm and 281 nm and obeys beer-lamberts law in the concentration of 0.5-20 g/ml at 277 nm and 0.5-80 g/ml at 281 nm respectively. The percentage recovery was found to be 97-100%.Madhukar et al has been developed reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for mark of Rizatriptan benzoate. The proposed method utilized column L1 inertsil ODS-3v, 250 nmx4.6 mm having particle size, 5m. The mob ile phases were comprised of A, B of Acetonitrile and buffer pH 6.5 at UV detection 225 nm.The method shows recovery 96.64-97.71Sachin jagthap et al has been developed stability indicating reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for the finale of Rizatriptan benzoate in bulk powder and in pharmaceutical formulations. The method utilizes c18 column having dimension 250mmx4.6 mm having particle size,5.0 m using a mobile phase 0.01M sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer Methanol , at a flow rate 1ml/min at close temperature and detected at 225 nm.and the method was validated according to ICH guidelinesQuizi zhang et al has been developed, a high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of Rizatriptan benzoate in human plasma.using asingle step liqid liqid extraction with metyl tertiary butyl ether, the analytes separated usig amobile phase consisting of 0.05%v/v triehylamine in water adjusting ph 2.75 with 85% phosphoric acid and acetonitrile .fluroscence detection was performed at an excitation wavelength of 225 nm and an emission wavelength of 360 nm.The linearity for rizatriptan was within the concentration range of 0.5-50ng/ml.Rajendra Kumar et al has been developed and validated stability a stability indicating high performance liquid chromatographic method for Rizatriptan benzoate.The force degradation studies were performed on bulk sample of Rizatriptan benzoate. The method utilizes a zorbax SB-CN column with dimension of 250 mmx4.6 mm, 5um column. The mobile phase consists of a mixture of aqueous potassium dihydrogen ortho phosphate (ph3.4), acetonitrile and methanol.Rauza bagh et al has been developed a spectroscopic method for analysis of Rizatriptan benzoate in bulk and tablet dosage form. The Rizatriptan benzoate shows maximum absorbance at 225 nm. Beers law was obeyed in the concentration range of 1-10g/ml.AIM AND PLAN OF WORKThe present aim is to develop a new simple and rapid analytical method to estimate the Rizatriptan benzoateThe plan of the proposed work includes the following stepsTo undertake solubility studies for analytical studies of Rosuvastatin calciumDevelop initial chromatographic conditions.Setting up of initial chromatographic conditions for the assay of Rosuvastatin calcium Optimization of initial chromatographic conditions.Validation of the developed HPLC Analytical method according to ICH method validation parameters.EXPERIMENTALNEW RP-HPLC METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF RIZATRIPTAN BENZOATE IN TABLET DOSAGE FORMA simple reverse phase HPLC methods was developed for the determination of Rizatriptan benzoate in tablet dosage form. Zorbax Eclipse XBD C18 (250 cm - 4.6 mm) column in isocratic mode with mobile phase Buffer ph 5.0 Methanol (8020) was used and pH-3 correct with tri ethylamine. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min and UV detection at 225nm. The retention time 3.0 min. The proposed method was also validated.EXPERIMENTAL1. InstrumentationShimadzu LC-10A HPLCVacuum pum p Gelmon scienceElico SL-164 double beam UV-Visible spectrophotometerUltra sonicator 3.5L 100(pci)2. ChemicalsWater HPLC gradeMethanol HPLC grade (Merck)Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate(AR Grade)Triethylamine (AR Grade)5.1 OPTIMIZATION1. Selection of wavelengthAfter solubility study for the drug solvent was selected and appropriate concentration of Rizatriptan benzoate standards with solvent were prepared. The solution were then scanned by using doubl beam UV-Visible spectrophotometer the range between 200-400nm.The overlain spectra for the both drug were observed and maximum wavelength was finally selected.2. Selection of mobile phaseTo develop a prcised and robust HPLC method for determination of Rizatriptan benzoate , its standard solution were injected in the HPLC system. After books survey and solubility data different composition of mobile phase of different flow rates were employed in order to determine the best condition for effective separation of drugs.3. Selection of columnInitially different C8 and C18 columns were tried for selected composition of mobile phase and quality of peaks were observed for the drugs. Finally the column was fixed upon the satisfactory results of various system suitability parameters such as column efficiency, retention time, tailing factor / peak asymmetry of the peaks.Other parameters such as flow rate, column temperature etc. were selected by varying its value up to certain levels and results were observed. The value at satisfactory results were obtained has been selected for the method. The final selection of chromatographic conditions as followsOptimized chromatographic conditionsPreparation of Buffer ph 5.0Dissove 2.76 gm of potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate in 1000ml of HPLC water plus 5.0 mlof Triethylamine. Mix and adjust PH 5.0 with orthophosporic acid. slobber with 0.45u nylon filter.Preparation of mobile phaseThe mobile phase was prepared by mixing Buffer Methanol (8020). the solution was then filtered t hrough 0.45m membrane filter and sonicated.Preparation of standard stock solutionStandard solution of the pure drug was prepared by dissolving 73.0 mg of Rizatriptan benzoate in 100ml volumetric flask. The drugs were dissolved by using mobile phase as a diluent. summarise about 50ml of diluent and sonicate to dissolve. Make up the volume with diluent. Mix well. encourage dilute 5.0ml of the above solution to 250ml with diluent, mix well.Preparation of sample solutionWeight and transfer 10 intact tablet in into a100ml volumetric flask. Add about 50ml of diluent and sonicate for 15 min and make up the volume with diluent. Mix well, filter through 25 mm 0.45 u nylon , discard 4ml filtrate. pass on dilute 5ml of the solution to 250 ml with diluent and mix well.CONCLUSIONThe evaluation of obtained values suggests that the proposed HPLC methods provide simple, precise, rapid and robust quantitative analytical method for determination of Rizatriptan benzoate in tablet dosage form. The mobile phase is simple to prepare and economical. After validating proposed method as per ICH guidelines and correlating obtained values with the standard values, satisfactory results were obtained.Hence, the method can be easily and conveniently adopted for routine estimation of Rizatriptan benzoate in tablet dosage form.

The Technique of Role Playing :: essays research papers

The Technique of Role PlayingOne of the techniques used most often by theatre mettlesome school teachers is role-playing. The reasons that this technique is often used are numerous. When students read a text silently some of the nuance contained in the meaning can be lost. This is particularly true when dealing with a play, or anything containing multiple characters. Reading the piece aloud can help them to retrieve the connotation as sanitary as the denotation. In the theatre, how a passage is spoken will determine the feeling that it carries with it. Lines of dialogue can suddenly become funny or tragical once given inflection. This is the prime reason role-playing is used. The prime time that this technique is employed is when teaching the works of Shakespeare. The usual set up for a role-playing achievement is as follows first the teacher will have the students read the text by themselves, then he/she will define any strange or outdated language used in the text. Often with Shakespeare students find the use of the Kings English confusing and therefore do not understand the piece. Once the terms used are understood, the teacher can ask students to read sections aloud that they may hear how the words flow together. Then deuce or more students are chosen to act out the section with some minimal movement. This added blocking creates the idea that the dialogue motivates the actions. When doing this type of activity it is lift out to employ a combination of two different teaching philosophies. One of them is Pragmatism and the other is Idealism. Idealists value the mind and concepts over all things. In this exercise, it is important to keep this sort of attitude. Students may not always understand the full meaning of the text. Often their young lives do not contain enough subsist to comprehend the decisions, or actions that characters make. That is why it is more important that the class grasp the idea of motivated action. The intended meaning of a line will determine how the other characters perceive and react to it. This also lends itself to the idealist precept that life should be guided by thought.The Pragmatism inherent in the exercise comes in to play when dealing with the conclusions reached in class. All of the conclusions reached are subject to change with the individual reciting the piece. That is why theatre teachers often show more than one carrying out to the class.

Boston Ballet Refuses to Fall :: Dance Dancing Papers

capital of Massachusetts concert dance Refuses to FallWhat happens when a ballet companys classic Christmas tradition is unwrapped, discarded, and replaced with a glitzy and glamorous moneymaking expenditure? Many dance enthusiasts are left with this lingering question as The capital of Massachusetts Ballet struggles with a recent announcement from the Wang Theatre, its lifelong performance home, that next years production of the Nutcracker is being replaced by a touring show of the infamous Radio City Rockettes. Im pretty certain this decision was driven by money, which draws the question in everyones minds Which is much important, tradition or money? give tongue to Andrew Kaminski.Kaminski is a Boston Ballet II member and performs in the corp de ballet with the company. He joined this apprentice position in August of 2003 and thinks Mikko Nissinen, the Boston Ballets new artistic director, is doing great things for the company. I really like the direction we are headed in but unf ortunately Mikko has been dealt some below the belt dealings. I am just grateful the company has been so open with us about everything, Kaminski said.According to Kaminski, the company was informed of what was happening with the Wang Theatre at the end of October. During this time, a company meeting was held and a Boston Ballet Memo was distributed to the dancers from Valerie Wilder, the Executive Director of the Boston Ballet.Basically the Wang informed us they had sign a note of intent with Radio City. We were immediately notified after this. We were told the Wang wanted to bring in the Rockettes for monetary reasons. Touring companies are more profitable. The Wang can charge them more plus the tickets are more expensive, Kaminski said.The memo to the company included general facts about the Nutcrackers current situation and its history. It also had a slit titled, Further Talking Points, which expressed the companys opinions on the situation.In choosing to align itself with a t ouring production, the Wang Center is undermining a 35- year-old tradition and the work of a house physician ensemble with year- round presence in the community. The Wang has thus placed commercial interests over cultural purpose, which is inconsistent with its mission as a not-for-profit, the memo stated.The Boston Ballet Company is a non-profit organization, which hosts a dance school that trains young children through adults and a renowned ballet company that has artistically entertained the metropolis since 1965. On their IRS form 990 filing, the company stated their objectives for the fiscal year beginning November 1, 2003.